There is no single answer to this question – history, politics, and economics all play a part.
For centuries, Wales had its own laws and rulers, but internal divisions and external pressures made independence difficult to maintain. Unlike Scotland, which kept its legal and some political systems after the 1707 Act of Union, Wales was gradually absorbed into England. The Laws in Wales Acts (1535–1542) imposed English law and administration, effectively erasing Wales as a distinct political entity.[3]
Yet, Welsh identity and culture survived. The Welsh language, literature and institutions kept the idea of Wales alive – but more than anything, it was the strength and resilience of the people that ensured our nation’s survival. Over time, political representation grew, leading to devolution in 1999. However, devolution is not independence. Wales still lacks control over key areas such as justice, welfare, energy, and foreign policy.
Another factor is economic dependency. Wales has been deeply integrated into the UK economy, but major decisions on infrastructure, investment, and industry have always prioritised other parts of the UK, especially the south-east of England. This has led to economic underdevelopment and the perception that Wales is too small or too poor to be independent. But this is a consequence of decisions made far from Wales, not a reflection of the people who live here.
These doubts don’t stand up to scrutiny. Many small nations have gained independence and thrived. The real question is no longer whether Wales can be independent, but whether it should remain in the UK, given the deep inequalities of the current system.
To put it another way: If Wales were already independent, would we vote to join the UK today?
[3] In modern English, the text of the 1535 Act includes the following: “Albeit the Dominion Principality and Country of Wales justly and righteously is and ever has been incorporated, annexed, united and subject to & under the Imperial Crown of this Realm (England), as a very limb and joined of the same…”